RELIGION The Russian Eastern Orthodox Church (REOC) was established in Russia around 988 A.D. (*KEY*) It was the sole stable governing body from this time until the Mongols arrived; (*KEY*) afterward, it greatly strengthened during the Mongolian occupation (1235-1460) as a compliant facilitator. At almost exactly the same time as the end of Mongol occupation, 1462, The Greek Eastern Orthodox Church, the originator of the faith, disappeared with the fall of its capital Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the Turks. This was a real heyday for the REOC, as now not only was it at the height of its power in Russia but it then as well became the seat of the ENTIRE religion, with its capital in Moscow. Its disproportionate influence and power over the monarchy and its land ownership grew unabated until Peter the Great reined in the Church in considerably during his rule (1696-1725). After this, the Church and the Monarchy coordinated together to adapt to societal changes yet maintain control together. Things started to change in the 1860’s for 4 reasons: 1. The freed serfs became land owners and thus a bit more worldly and independent. 2. The basic tenets of populism and socialism began to appeal to the few educated people, regardless of class or social stature, especially those under 30. 3. Writers like Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy were questioning the value of faith with such: If God is so great, why do innocent children die? 4) Darwinism and evolutionary theory. REO Christianity is an intensely personal faith compared to Western Christianity, so these things had more of an effect on those affected individuals. Here we must back up to the reign of Catherine the Great (1762-1796) and her land accumulations which gathered up well over 90% of Europe’s Jewish population. This began a hate-hate relationship between Russians and Jews that continues to this day. There were lots of Polish Catholics in Catherine’s grouping as well, and the most dissident of those were exiled to Siberia after uprisings in the 1830’and 1860’S. They have been almost universally been bred into extinction, but churches still do exist there. Back to the mid- late 1800’s and the colonization of Central Asia: Muslim territory. Some Jews, Catholic Poles, and Muslims tried to assimilate but in general, (*KEY*) Russians tend to be highly racially discriminatory. Marxism erupts in the 1870’s. The industrial revolution’s growing proletariat and urban masses were outpacing REOC expansion,
while the close relationship between the REOC and the ever-more-detested Monarchy weakened its bonds with the masses. Revolutionaries targeted the REOC and the Tsar equally. Many Jews were instrumental in affecting the Great Socialist Revolutions of 1905 and 1917-18, which abruptly and effectively ended the REOC in Russia until 1991. Jewish people, maintaining a low profile, have maintained their influence on Soviet society and beyond to this day, though starting in the 1980’s many began immigrating to Israel and the U.S.A. Muslims generally stayed in the lands of their ancestors until 1991, after when many moved to The Russian Federation seeking migrant work. In 1991, many REOC restoration drives were begun, with Church rebuilding being mostly being funded by the new Russian Federation. What has been more difficult is getting people to revisit the faith, since 3+ generations born since 1918 were denied access to it. Many Russians now simply wear a chain/cross and visit church periodically, stating belief in God in general. Even though the post-1991 governments have tried to position themselves as anti-socialist and pro-church, very few people believe them. Chinese people are having the similar problems with their government’s position on Buddhism. Regarding Serbia and its special link to Russia: it is a very strong link, indeed, which predates REOC completely, going back thousands of years to the times when agriculturists drove hunter/gatherers off of the Western European plains. Serbia is a high spot geographically and has always been bridged to Russia nationality-wise. The REOC only makes the bond stronger: Their mutual Pan- Slavism and the views regarding the greatness of the Slavic race, oiled and lubricated by the REOC, make the link that much stronger. On Asian faiths, and Asians in general: Russians and Asians hate each other but this has nothing to do with religion, since there are very few practitioners of Asian faiths in Russia. This subject will be dealt with in the Culture section. Note: There have been many missionaries from many faiths in Russia since 1991, but they have all failed.